Operators in C++

In this tutorial, we will learn about operators in C++. We will cover various categories of operators and their usage.

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Operator	Description	Example
`+`	Addition	`a + b`
`-`	Subtraction	`a - b`
`*`	Multiplication	`a * b`
`/`	Division	`a / b`
`%`	Modulus	`a % b`
`++`	Increment	`a++`
`--`	Decrement	`a--`

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. They combine an arithmetic operation with assignment.

Operator	Description	Example	Same as
`=`	Assignment	`a = b`	`a = b`
`+=`	Add and assign	`a += b`	`a = a + b`
`-=`	Subtract and assign	`a -= b`	`a = a - b`
`*=`	Multiply and assign	`a *= b`	`a = a * b`
`/=`	Divide and assign	`a /= b`	`a = a / b`
`%=`	Modulus and assign	`a %= b`	`a = a % b`
`&=`	Bitwise AND and assign	`a &= b`	`a = a & b`
`\|=`	Bitwise OR and assign	`a \|= b`	`a = a \| b`
`^=`	Bitwise XOR and assign	`a ^= b`	`a = a ^ b`
`<<=`	Left shift and assign	`a <<= b`	`a = a << b`
`>>=`	Right shift and assign	`a >>= b`	`a = a >> b`

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values. They return a boolean result: true or false.

Operator	Description	Example
`==`	Equal to	`a == b`
`!=`	Not equal to	`a != b`
`>`	Greater than	`a > b`
`<`	Less than	`a < b`
`>=`	Greater than or equal to	`a >= b`
`<=`	Less than or equal to	`a <= b`

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values. They are commonly used in conditional statements.

Operator	Description	Example
`&&`	Logical AND	`a && b`
`\|\|`	Logical OR	`a \|\| b`
`!`	Logical NOT	`!a`

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to perform bit-level operations on integer types. These operations are faster and closer to the hardware.

Operator	Description	Example
`&`	Bitwise AND	`a & b`
`\|`	Bitwise OR	`a \| b`
`^`	Bitwise XOR	`a ^ b`
`~`	Bitwise NOT	`~a`
`<<`	Left shift	`a << b`
`>>`	Right shift	`a >> b`

Example 1: Arithmetic Operators Example

Declare two integer variables a and b.
Assign values to a and b.
Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus operations using a and b.
Print the results of each operation.

C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
    int a = 10, b = 5;
    int add = a + b;
    int subtract = a - b;
    int multiply = a * b;
    int divide = a / b;
    int modulus = a % b;

    cout << "Addition result: " << add << endl;
    cout << "Subtraction result: " << subtract << endl;
    cout << "Multiplication result: " << multiply << endl;
    cout << "Division result: " << divide << endl;
    cout << "Modulus result: " << modulus << endl;

    return 0;
}

Output

Addition result: 15
Subtraction result: 5
Multiplication result: 50
Division result: 2
Modulus result: 0

Example 2: Assignment Operators Example

Declare an integer variable num and assign a value.
Reset the value of num before each assignment operation.
Use assignment operators to perform various operations on num.
Print the result of each operation.

C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
    int num = 10;
    cout << "Initial value of num: " << num << endl;

    num += 5; // Addition assignment
    cout << "After addition, num: " << num << endl;

    num = 10; // Reset num
    num -= 3; // Subtraction assignment
    cout << "After subtraction, num: " << num << endl;

    num = 10; // Reset num
    num *= 2; // Multiplication assignment
    cout << "After multiplication, num: " << num << endl;

    num = 10; // Reset num
    num /= 4; // Division assignment
    cout << "After division, num: " << num << endl;

    num = 10; // Reset num
    num %= 3; // Modulus assignment
    cout << "After modulus, num: " << num << endl;

    num = 10; // Reset num
    num &= 3; // Bitwise AND assignment
    cout << "After bitwise AND, num: " << num << endl;

    num = 10; // Reset num
    num |= 3; // Bitwise OR assignment
    cout << "After bitwise OR, num: " << num << endl;

    num = 10; // Reset num
    num ^= 3; // Bitwise XOR assignment
    cout << "After bitwise XOR, num: " << num << endl;

    num = 10; // Reset num
    num <<= 2; // Left shift assignment
    cout << "After left shift, num: " << num << endl;

    num = 10; // Reset num
    num >>= 1; // Right shift assignment
    cout << "After right shift, num: " << num << endl;

    return 0;
}

Output

Initial value of num: 10
After addition, num: 15
After subtraction, num: 7
After multiplication, num: 20
After division, num: 2
After modulus, num: 1
After bitwise AND, num: 2
After bitwise OR, num: 11
After bitwise XOR, num: 9
After left shift, num: 40
After right shift, num: 5

Example 3: Comparison Operators Example

Declare two integer variables x and y.
Compare the values of x and y using comparison operators.
Print the comparison result.

C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
    int x = 5, y = 10;

    cout << "x > y: " << (x > y) << endl; // Outputs 0 since x is not greater than y
    cout << "x < y: " << (x < y) << endl; // Outputs 1 since x is less than y
    cout << "x >= y: " << (x >= y) << endl; // Outputs 0 since x is not greater than or equal to y
    cout << "x <= y: " << (x <= y) << endl; // Outputs 1 since x is less than or equal to y
    cout << "x == y: " << (x == y) << endl; // Outputs 0 since x is not equal to y
    cout << "x != y: " << (x != y) << endl; // Outputs 1 since x is not equal to y

    return 0;
}

Output

x > y: 0
x < y: 1
x >= y: 0
x <= y: 1
x == y: 0
x != y: 1

Example 4: Logical Operators Example

Declare two boolean variables a and b.
Perform logical operations using logical operators.
Print the result of each operation.

C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
    bool a = true, b = false;

    cout << "a && b: " << (a && b) << endl; // Outputs 0 (false)
    cout << "a || b: " << (a || b) << endl; // Outputs 1 (true)
    cout << "!a: " << (!a) << endl;    // Outputs 0 (false)

    return 0;
}

Output

a && b: 0
a || b: 1
!a: 0

Example 5: Bitwise Operators Example

Declare two integer variables a and b.
Perform bitwise operations using bitwise operators.
Print the result of each operation.

C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
    int a = 5, b = 3;

    cout << "a & b: " << (a & b) << endl;  // Outputs 1
    cout << "a | b: " << (a | b) << endl;  // Outputs 7
    cout << "a ^ b: " << (a ^ b) << endl;  // Outputs 6
    cout << "~a: " << (~a) << endl;     // Outputs -6
    cout << "a << 1: " << (a << 1) << endl; // Outputs 10
    cout << "b >> 1: " << (b >> 1) << endl; // Outputs 1

    return 0;
}

Output

a & b: 1
a | b: 7
a ^ b: 6
~a: -6
a << 1: 10
b >> 1: 1

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C++ Tutorials

C++ How-Tos

Operators in C++

Arithmetic Operators

Assignment Operators

Comparison Operators

Logical Operators

Bitwise Operators

Example 1: Arithmetic Operators Example

C++ Program

Output

Example 2: Assignment Operators Example

C++ Program

Output

Example 3: Comparison Operators Example

C++ Program

Output

Example 4: Logical Operators Example

C++ Program

Output

Example 5: Bitwise Operators Example

C++ Program

Output